Author: Ridwan Abdusalam

WERE MATTHEW, MARK, LUKE & JOHN EYEWITNESSES?

A Scholarly Examination Through the Lens of Islamic and Biblical Theology

For centuries, Christians have claimed that the four canonical Gospels— Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John — are eyewitness testimonies written by the original disciples of Jesus. However, modern biblical scholarship, Christian and secular alike, overwhelmingly rejects this claim. This article draws on the work of top New Testament scholars, including practicing Christians, to examine the authorship of the Gospels and how this supports the Islamic position that:

Jesus never preached Christianity
The original message of Jesus was altered
Only a divinely preserved revelation (the Qur’ān) can be authoritative

Let us begin with the core question – Were the Gospel Authors Eyewitnesses?

Leading Bible Scholars Say: NO

The academic consensus—across Protestant, Catholic, and secular institutions—is clear: the Gospels were not written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John.

Bart D. Ehrman (University of North Carolina, former Christian)>“The Gospels are not eyewitness accounts; the authors were anonymous Christians writing decades later. ” This means the authors were not present with Jesus.

Raymond E. Brown (Catholic priest, one of the most respected Christian scholars of the 20th century)> “Modern scholarship does not hold that the Gospels were written by eyewitnesses.” If even Catholic scholarship denies direct apostleship, the traditional claim collapses.

E.P. Sanders (Oxford & Duke University)> “The Gospels are anonymous, not written by those who knew Jesus personally.” This confirms that names like “Matthew” and “John” were attached long after the texts were written.

John Dominic Crossan (Jesus Seminar co-founder)>“The Gospels are second-generation narratives, not firsthand memories.” Meaning: stories passed down orally, then written by unknown Christians.

The Gospels Were Originally Anonymously Written

The earliest manuscripts of the Gospels had no names. Titles such as “According to Matthew” and “According to John” were added in the 2nd century to give authority to texts whose authors were unknown. Even Christian scholars admit this. Raymond Brown notes that all the Gospels were:> “Originally anonymous documents.” This means the names were not part of the supposed divine revelation—they were marketing labels used by early church leaders.

None of the Gospel Writers Claim to Be Eyewitnesses

Not a single Gospel declares:“I, Matthew, wrote this…” “I was present with Jesus…” “I am an eyewitness of the events…” Instead, Luke explicitly admits he is NOT an eyewitness:> “Many have undertaken to compile a narrative… just as they were delivered to us by those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses.”(Luke 1:1–2) Luke tells you directly: he received stories from other people decades after Jesus. This is not revelation. It is human compilation.

When Were the Gospels Written?

Decades After Jesus—Not During His Life. Even conservative scholars accept this timeline:

Mark: c. 70 CE (40 years after Jesus)
Matthew: 80–90 CE (50-60 years after Jesus)
Luke: 85–95 CE (55-65 years after Jesus)
John: 90–110 CE (60-80 years after Jesus)

This means:No Gospel was written during Jesus’ lifetime. No Gospel was written during the lifetime of most disciples. They were written after the destruction of Jerusalem (70 CE). Which means:Jesus’ original followers were likely dead when the Gospels were composed.

The Gospels Are Theologically Motivated, Not Historical Biographies

Scholars such as Marcus Borg, Rudolf Bultmann, and Dale Allison confirm that the Gospels were written anonymous authors to:

Promote particular theological agendas
Defend early Christian beliefs
Support the emerging Church

Not to provide historical biographies or preserve the true teaching of Christ. Each author modifies earlier texts:

The Author of Matthew rewrites Mark
The Author of Luke edits both Mark and additional sources
The Author of John invents new speeches not found in earlier Gospels

This shows a process of editing, adding, and modifying, not divine revelation.

The Synoptic Problem: Why So Much Copying?

80–90% of Mark is copied word-for-word by the Author of Matthew and Luke. If the Author were truly an eyewitness: Why did he copy 90% of Mark? Why did he rely on a non-eyewitness source? Why didn’t he write independently? The answer is simple: Because the Author was not Matthew. He was an anonymous Christian author writing long after the events in a twisted manner

The Gospel of John: The Most Theological, the Least Historical

Even Christian scholars admit the Gospel of John is:theologically shaped, not historically reliable – filled with speeches Jesus never delivered. F.F. Bruce (Christian scholar) says John contains:> “interpretations, not literal remembrance.” This means John reflects church theology, not Jesus’ teachings.

What Does This Mean for Christians and Muslims?

If the Gospel authors were not eyewitnesses but were anonymous individuals who wrote decades later—copying from one another and adding theological interpretations that altered the original message of Jesus—then Christians cannot claim that their Scriptures are the actual words of Jesus, divinely revealed, historically accurate, preserved, or authoritative. This directly supports the Qur’ānic position:> “They write the Book with their own hands, then say, ‘This is from God.’” (Qur’an 2:79)“They distorted words from their proper places.” (Qur’an 5:13)

Islam’s Position on Jesus and Revelation

Islam does not deny Jesus. It restores him.Islam teaches:

Jesus was a prophet, not God.
His message was pure monotheism.
He preached submission to God (Islam).
He never taught the Trinity.
His true Gospel was altered.
God sent Muhammad ﷺ to restore the original message.
The Qur’an corrects the historical errors and theological exaggerations of later Christian writers.

The Gospels Are Not Eyewitness Testimony — The Qur’ān Is the Only Preserved Revelation

Modern scholarship leaves no room for doubts or confusion

THE GOSPELS	THE GLORIOUS QUR’AN
The Gospels Are Not Eyewitness Accounts	The Qur’an is the only Preserved Revelation
They were not written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John	The Qur’an alone claims divine authorship
They were produced by anonymous Christians	It is fully preserved
Written decades after Jesus	It is internally consistent
Containing theological edits and contradictions	It confirms the true monotheistic mission of Jesus

The Qur’an restores the original message of God As the Qur’ān states:> “This is the Book in which there is no doubt.”(Qur’an 2:2)And:> “Say: God is One.”(Qur’an 112:1)

November 29, 2025

The Narrative of “Christian Genocide” in Nigeria — Unpacking the Claims & Motives
How a false persecution claim is being weaponized against Islam & Sharia

For years, Western evangelical activists and politicians have circulated a dramatic claim: “Muslims are committing a genocide against Christians in Nigeria. ”It is repeated in churches, missionary conferences, U.S. political speeches, and social media campaigns. Senator Ted Cruz even pushed legislation against Nigeria — not on humanitarian grounds, but to pressure the country to abandon Sharia and blasphemy laws. But when we move past emotions and slogans and examine facts, data, and motive, the narrative collapses.

Not a Genocide — But a Complex Conflict

To legally call something genocide, there must be:
1. A coordinated plan
2. Intent to wipe out a religious group.
3. State involvement or state approval.
No international body, UN report, or independent field study supports this accusation.

What the evidence actually shows:
- Violence in Nigeria affects Muslims and Christians.
- In Northern regions, Muslims are often the majority of victims.
- Conflicts are driven by banditry, land disputes, politics, and insurgency, not religious extermination.
- Extremist groups like Boko Haram kill more Muslims than Christians.
Even Western analysts admit it:

“Nigeria’s violence is not a Christian genocide but a multidimensional conflict.”— International Crisis Group

Yet the accusation continues — louder than the data allows.

Why Push the Genocide Story?

Three motives stand out:
1. Evangelical Mobilization
Victim narratives fuel:
- U.S. church donations.
- Missionary funding International pressure on Muslim states.
- Portray Muslims as “killers,” Christians as “martyrs,” and donations flow.
2. Breaking Northern Muslim Resistance

While Southern Nigeria is majority Christian, Northern Nigeria is majority Muslim and historically resistant to evangelism. To evangelicals, the North is the “final frontier.” Attacking Sharia and Muslim governance removes barriers to missionary campaigns.

3. Political Leverage for Western Influence

Label a Muslim population “genocidal,” then demand:
- Sanctions
- Intervention
- Imposition of Western-style laws
- Weakening of Islamic legal systems
It’s not about saving lives — it’s religious geopolitics dressed as human rights.

Ted Cruz & the Attack on Sharia

Ted Cruz’s bill wasn’t only about “protecting Christians.” It targeted:
- Sharia courts
- Blasphemy laws
- Islamic governance in Northern states
Why? Because weakening Islamic law promises easy missionary access. They say: “We just want religious freedom.” But what they really want is: Freedom to dismantle Islamic legal authority and evangelize Muslim populations.

Islam’s Stand: Truth, Justice, and Self-Respect

Islam teaches justice for all — including Christians. “Do not let the hatred of a people cause you to be unjust.”— Qur’an 5:8

We condemn all innocent killings — Muslim or Christian. But we also reject fabricated narratives used to attack Islam.The Prophet ﷺ warned: “Whoever lies to harm a Muslim is in the Fire.”— Sahih Ibn Hibban

Muslims must expose false accusations — not surrender to them.

The Real Victims

Nigeria’s tragedy is real. Innocent Christians have died. Innocent Muslims have died. But calling it “Islamic genocide” is:
- Factually false
- Politically motivated
- Islamophobic in impact
- A gateway to anti-Sharia intervention
- It turns Muslim suffering invisible — while weaponizing Christian suffering to undermine Islam.
Conclusion

There is no Christian genocide in Nigeria. There is:
- A complex security crisis
- Extremist violence harming both Muslims and Christians
- A political effort to weaken Sharia and open Muslim regions to missionary control
- A propaganda campaign framing Muslim self-governance as “persecution”
Islam does not fear scrutiny — but Islam rejects slander. Nigeria doesn’t need foreign missionaries or foreign policy sermons. It needs justice, stability, and respectful coexistence — not weaponized narratives.

“Truth has come, and falsehood has vanished. Falsehood is bound to perish.”— Qur’an 17:81

References:

1. ACLED Nigeria Conflict Data

2. International Crisis Group Reports on Nigeria

3. US Institute of Peace — Nigeria Briefing

4. UK House of Commons Library — Nigeria Religious Freedom Report

5. Al Jazeera — “No, there is no Christian genocide in Nigeria”

6. Nigeria Government Response to US Claims

7. Senator Ted Cruz Statements on Nigeria
November 5, 2025
The Life After Death (Aakhirah)

Introduction:

Belief in life after death — al-Akhirah — is a fundamental pillar of Islamic faith. It answers one of humanity’s oldest questions: What happens after we die? Islam teaches that death is not the end but a transition — from this temporary world (dunya) to the eternal life that follows.The Qur’an describes this world as a test, and the Hereafter as the true home where every soul will meet its final recompense. “And this worldly life is nothing but amusement and diversion; but the home of the Hereafter is best for those who fear Allah. Will you not then reason?”— Surah Al-An‘am (6:32)

The Certainty of Death:

No human, rich or poor, powerful or weak, can escape death. It is the one event that unites all creation — a divine decree that none can delay or hasten. “Every soul shall taste death, and you will only be given your [full] compensation on the Day of Resurrection.”— Surah Aal ‘Imran (3:185) Death in Islam is not annihilation but separation: the soul departs from the body and begins a new phase of existence known as Barzakh.

The Journey of the Soul:

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ described, in vivid detail, what happens to the soul at death. According to Sahih Muslim (2872), he said: “When the believing soul is about to depart, angels with bright faces come down to it… They say, ‘O good soul, come out to the forgiveness of Allah and His pleasure.’ Then it comes out easily, like water flowing from a jug.” For the unbelieving soul, the process is difficult: “When the soul of the disbeliever is about to depart, angels with dark faces come down… They say, ‘O wicked soul, come out to the anger of Allah.’ It is pulled out as wool is pulled through a thorny branch.”— Sahih Muslim, 2872

After burial, the soul enters a waiting realm called Barzakh — a stage between death and resurrection. Here, the soul experiences either peace and comfort or punishment, depending on its faith and deeds. “And behind them is a barrier (barzakh) until the Day they are resurrected.”— Surah Al-Mu’minun (23:100) The Prophet ﷺ said: “When a person is placed in his grave, two angels come to him and ask: ‘Who is your Lord? What is your religion? Who is your Prophet?’”— Sunan Abu Dawood (4753) Those who answer correctly experience comfort, while those who reject faith face torment until the Resurrection.

The Day of Resurrection (Yawm al-Qiyāmah)

Allah will resurrect every soul for judgment.The Qur’an describes this event with awe-inspiring power: “When the earth is shaken with its [final] earthquake and the earth discharges its burdens, and man says, ‘What is [wrong] with it?’ That Day, it will report its news.”— Surah Az-Zalzalah (99:1–4) “As We began the first creation, We will repeat it; [it is] a promise binding upon Us.”— Surah Al-Anbiya (21:104)

On that Day: The dead will rise from their graves. The records of deeds (Suhuf al-A‘mal) will be opened.The scales (Mīzan) will be set to weigh actions. Every hidden truth will be revealed. “Whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it, and whoever does an atom’s weight of evil will see it.”— Surah Az-Zalzalah (99:7–8)

The Judgment:

Every human will stand before Allah to account for their actions — nothing will be hidden. “And We shall set up the scales of justice for the Day of Resurrection, so no soul will be wronged at all.”— Surah Al-Anbiya (21:47) Prophets, angels, and witnesses will testify. For the believer, even small deeds done sincerely for Allah’s sake will be rewarded abundantly. For the rejecter, denial of truth and injustice toward others will lead to punishment. “On that Day, faces will be radiant, looking at their Lord; and on that Day, [other] faces will be gloomy, expecting that there will be done to them some great calamity.”— Surah Al-Qiyamah (75:22–25)

Paradise (Jannah)

For the righteous, eternal life begins in Paradise — a place of unimaginable peace, beauty, and joy. “No soul knows what delight of the eyes is kept hidden for them — as a reward for what they used to do.”— Surah As-Sajdah (32:17) The Qur’an describes rivers of milk and honey, gardens beneath which rivers flow, and everlasting companionship and contentment.But beyond all of that is the greatest reward: seeing the face of Allah.> “For those who have done good is the best [reward] and even more.”— Surah Yunus (10:26) According to Sahih Muslim (181), “even more” refers to gazing upon Allah’s countenance — the ultimate joy of the believers.

Hellfire (Jahannam)

Hell is the abode for those who rejected truth, oppressed others, and turned away from divine guidance.It is described as a place of fire, regret, and spiritual agony.> “Indeed, those who disbelieve in Our verses — We will drive them into a Fire. Every time their skins are roasted through, We will replace them with other skins so they may taste the punishment.”— Surah An-Nisa (4:56) Hell is not mere vengeance; it is perfect justice — the consequence of rebellion against the Creator and harm toward His creation. “And they will cry, ‘Our Lord, remove us; we will do righteousness, other than what we were doing!’ But it will be said, ‘Did We not give you long enough life for whoever would remember to remember?’”— Surah Fatir (35:37)

Eternal Justice and Mercy:

Allah’s justice is absolute, and His mercy encompasses all. Even those punished will admit that Allah wronged them not — they wronged themselves. “Indeed, Allah does not wrong the people at all, but it is the people who are wronging themselves.”— Surah Yunus (10:44) And for those who repented sincerely, even after sinning, Allah promises forgiveness. “Say, ‘O My servants who have transgressed against themselves, do not despair of the mercy of Allah. Indeed, Allah forgives all sins.’”— Surah Az-Zumar (39:53)

The Purpose Behind the Hereafter:

The belief in the Ākhirah gives meaning to life, accountability to actions, and hope beyond suffering. Without it, morality becomes hollow and justice incomplete. “Did you think that We created you aimlessly and that to Us you would not be returned?”— Surah Al-Mu’minun (23:115) The Hereafter reminds every human being: Life is short, deeds are recorded, and eternity awaits.

Conclusion:

The life after death is not a myth or mystery — it is a promise of truth from the One who created life and death. For the believer, it is a return to mercy. For the disbeliever, it is the unveiling of denial. The wise one is he who prepares for what inevitably comes. The Prophet ﷺ said: “The intelligent one is he who controls himself and works for what is after death, and the foolish one is he who follows his desires and hopes upon Allah.”— Sunan al-Tirmidhi (2459) May Allah make us among those who remember death, live righteously, and meet Him with hearts at peace. “O tranquil soul, return to your Lord, well-pleased and pleasing [to Him]. Enter among My servants and enter My Paradise.”— Surah Al-Fajr (89:27–30)

References:

Qur’an:Surah Al-An‘am (6:32) Surah Aal ‘Imran (3:185) Surah Al-Mu’minun (23:100, 23:115) Surah Az-Zalzalah (99:1–8) Surah Al-Anbiya (21:47, 21:104) Surah Al-Qiyamah (75:22–25) Surah As-Sajdah (32:17)Surah Yunus (10:26, 10:44) Surah An-Nisa (4:56) Surah Fatir (35:37)Surah Az-Zumar (39:53) Surah Al-Fajr (89:27–30)

Hadith:Sahih Muslim, 2872, 181 Sunan Abu Dawood, 4753 Sunan al-Tirmidhi, 2459

Kitab al-Ruh — Ibn al-Qayyim

Sharh al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah — Ibn Abi al-‘Izz

Al-Qiyamah wa’l-Akhirah — Imam al-Bayhaqi

The End of the World — Dr. Muhammad Al-Areefi

Life After Death — Dr. Bilal Philips

Islamic Creed Series: Belief in the Last Day — Ibn Uthaymeen

October 24, 2025

Hadith: Narration, Collection, and Compilation

Introduction:

After the Qur’an, the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ stands as the second source of Islamic guidance.While the Qur’an contains the direct words of Allah, the Hadith preserves the sayings, actions, and approvals of His final Messenger ﷺ — explaining and exemplifying divine revelation in practical life. “He who obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah.”— Surah An-Nisa (4:80)

The preservation of Hadith is a unique hallmark of Islamic scholarship, unparalleled in any other faith tradition. It reflects a meticulous system of memory, transmission, and verification designed to ensure that the Prophet’s teachings reach every generation authentically.

What Is a Hadith?

A Hadith is a report that conveys what the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said, did, approved, or described.It consists of two vital parts:

1. Isnād (Chain of Narration) — the sequence of transmitters who passed down the report.

2. Matn (Text) — the actual wording or content of the narration.

Example of a Hadith with Isnād and Matn: Al-Bukhari narrates:“Al-Humaydi ‘Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr narrated to us,he said: Sufyan narrated to us,from Yahya ibn Sa‘id al-Ansari,he said: Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Taymi informed me,that he heard ‘Alqamah ibn Waqqas al-Laythi say:I heard ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) say:The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:‘Actions are judged by intentions, and every person will have only what they intended.’”— Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith No. 1

This isnād (chain) demonstrates the unbroken sequence of trustworthy narrators from Imam al-Bukhari (3rd century AH) back to the Companion ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (1st century AH), who directly heard the Prophet ﷺ. Each narrator in the chain was examined for:

Integrity (ʿadālah) — moral uprightness.
Precision (ḍabṭ) — accuracy in memory or written record.
Continuity (ittiṣāl) — direct, uninterrupted transmission.

Imam ‘Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak said: “The Isnād is part of the religion. Were it not for the Isnād, anyone could say whatever he wished.”— Muqaddimah Sahih Muslim

The Role of Hadith in Islam: The Hadith complements the Qur’an by providing:

Explanation: Clarifying verses that may be general or concise.

Application: Demonstrating how divine commands are practiced in daily life.

Legislation: Establishing rulings where the Qur’an is silent. “And We revealed to you the Reminder (the Qur’an) so that you may explain to the people what has been sent down to them.”— Surah An-Nahl (16:44)

For instance:The Qur’an commands prayer — the Hadith shows how to perform it. The Qur’an commands zakah — the Hadith defines its calculation and recipients.

Early Preservation of Hadith:

During the Prophet’s lifetime, many Companions memorized and recorded his sayings. The Prophet ﷺ encouraged accurate preservation: “May Allah brighten the face of one who hears my words, understands them, and conveys them as he heard them.”— Sunan al-Tirmidhi, 2657 Some Companions even kept written records:Abdullah ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘As compiled his personal collection Al-Sahifah al-Sadiqah. Anas ibn Malik and Ali ibn Abi Talib had written notes on various rulings.

Compilation of Hadith:

After the Prophet’s passing, as Islam spread across regions, scholars systematized Hadith to preserve authenticity and prevent fabrication.

Major Stages of Compilation

Early Notes (1st Century AH): Personal collections by Companions and Tabi‘een.
Official Compilation (2nd Century AH): Caliph ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ordered scholars to collect Hadith systematically.Works like Muwatta’ Malik by Imam Malik ibn Anas emerged.
The Golden Age of Hadith (3rd Century AH): A pivotal period when the six canonical books (Kutub al-Sittah) were compiled by eminent scholars. These works form the foundation of authentic Prophetic narrations:
- Sahih al-Bukhari by Imam al-Bukhari (d. 256 AH/870 CE)
- Sahih Muslim by Imam Muslim (d. 261 AH/875 CE)
- Sunan Abu Dawood by Imam Abu Dawood (d. 275 AH/889 CE)
- Sunan al-Tirmidhi by Imam al-Tirmidhi (d. 279 AH/892 CE)
- Sunan al-Nasa’i by Imam an-Nasa’i (d. 303 AH/915 CE)
- Sunan Ibn Majah by Imam Ibn Majah (d. 273 AH/887 CE)

Each scholar meticulously established strict criteria for accepting narrations, thereby ensuring that only the most authentic reports were preserved for the benefit of the Muslim Ummah.

The Science of Hadith (ʿIlm al-Hadith):

Islamic scholars developed a sophisticated methodology to verify Hadith authenticity. Core Sciences Include:

ʿIlm al-Rijāl — biographies of narrators.
ʿIlm al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʿdīl — evaluation of narrators’ reliability.
Ilm al-Muṣṭalaḥ — terminology and classification (e.g., sahih, hasan, da‘if).

Through these sciences, scholars categorized Hadith according to reliability — creating a living chain of scholarly scrutiny unmatched in human history.

Types of Hadith Based on Authenticity:

Type	Meaning	Acceptance
Sahih	Sound – fully reliable chain and text	Accepted as proof
Hasan	Good – slightly lesser precision	Accepted as proof
Da‘if	Weak – missing or unreliable link to the Prophet	Not used for rulings
Mawdu‘	Mawdu’ – falsely attributed to the Prophet	Rejected completely

Preservation Until Today:

The Hadith sciences have continued through oral and written transmission for over 14 centuries. Every generation of scholars reviewed, taught, and transmitted them with isnād continuity — ensuring preservation to the present day.In many institutions, scholars still study with direct ijazah (authorization) linking back to the great compilers — a living proof of the Prophet’s ﷺ legacy. “Indeed, We have sent down the Reminder, and indeed, We will be its guardian.”— Surah Al-Hijr (15:9) This divine promise extends to the Sunnah as it explains and protects the Qur’an itself.

Conclusion:

The Hadith stands as the living record of Prophetic wisdom — the guidance that transformed words into action and revelation into reality.Its preservation is a testimony to the scholarly dedication of the Muslim Ummah and to Allah’s protection of His message.To study the Hadith is not only to know what the Prophet ﷺ said, but to walk in his footsteps, following his mercy, truth, and example.> “I have left among you two things; you will never go astray as long as you hold fast to them: the Book of Allah and my Sunnah.”— Sunan al-Hakim, 318

References:

Qur’an:Surah An-Nahl (16:44)Surah An-Nisa (4:80)Surah Al-Hijr (15:9)
Hadith Collections: Sahih al-Bukhari – Hadith 1, Sahih Muslim – Muqaddimah, Sunan al-Tirmidhi – 2657.
Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah — Ibn al-Salah
Tadrib al-Rawi — Al-Suyuti
Al-Kifayah fi ‘Ilm al-Riwayah — Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
Nukhbat al-Fikar — Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani
Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature — Dr. M.M. Azami
Hadith: An Overview — Dr. Suhaib Hasan
The Authority and Preservation of the Sunnah — Bilal Philips

October 17, 2025

The Five Pillars of Islam
Introduction:

Islam is not only a faith or belief — it is a way of life built upon devotion, discipline, and balance.Just as a building stands firm upon its foundation, a Muslim’s life stands upon five essential pillars that define faith, worship, and spiritual growth.These pillars were established by Allah and practiced by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ as the framework of true submission.They unite all Muslims — rich and poor, Arab and non-Arab — in the same acts of worship, reflecting the unity and purpose of the Islamic faith. The Prophet ﷺ said:“Islam is built upon five [pillars]:Testifying that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is His Messenger,establishing prayer,paying zakah,fasting Ramadan,and performing pilgrimage to the House.”— Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim.
1. The Shahadah — Declaration of Faith:
At the heart of Islam lies a statement so simple, yet so profound:> “Ash-hadu an lā ilāha illā Allāh,wa ash-hadu anna Muḥammadan rasūlullāh.” “I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”

This testimony affirms two truths:Tawheed (Oneness of God): Only Allah deserves worship, without partners or intermediaries.Risalah (Prophethood): Muhammad ﷺ is the final messenger sent to guide humanity.It is not a mere statement of words, but a declaration that transforms the heart, mind, and actions.Through it, one enters Islam and begins a new life of purpose, forgiveness, and peace.> “So know that there is no deity except Allah and ask forgiveness for your sin.”— Surah Muhammad (47:19)

2. Salah — The Five Daily PrayersPrayer is the spiritual heartbeat of a Muslim’s life.It is performed five times daily — at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and night — serving as a direct link between the believer and the Creator.> “Indeed, I am Allah. There is no deity except Me, so worship Me and establish prayer for My remembrance.”— Surah Ta-Ha (20:14)Through Salah, the Muslim disconnects from the world and reconnects with the Source of peace.It purifies the heart, disciplines the soul, and reminds man of his dependence on Allah.Each bow and prostration symbolizes humility, obedience, and love for the Creator.When performed sincerely, prayer becomes a shield against sin and spiritual decay.> “Indeed, prayer restrains from immorality and wrongdoing.”— Surah Al-‘Ankabut (29:45)

3. Zakah — Purification Through Charity:

The word Zakah literally means “purity” and “growth.”It is a compulsory act of giving 2.5% of one’s eligible wealth each year to the poor and needy.Zakah purifies wealth from selfishness and greed, while uplifting those in need.It transforms material gain into spiritual reward and strengthens social solidarity within the Muslim community.> “Take from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause them increase, and invoke [Allah’s blessings] upon them.”— Surah At-Tawbah (9:103)Unlike voluntary charity (Sadaqah), Zakah is a divine obligation — a pillar that ensures justice and compassion coexist in society.

4. Sawm — Fasting in the Month of Ramadan:

Every year during the blessed month of Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to sunset — abstaining from food, drink, and worldly desires.> “O you who have believed, fasting has been prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may become righteous.”— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:183)

Fasting is not mere hunger or thirst; it is a school of self-discipline, empathy, and spiritual renewal.It teaches patience, gratitude, and awareness of the poor.Through fasting, the believer learns that true satisfaction is not in consumption, but in connection — with Allah.The nights of Ramadan are filled with prayer, Qur’an recitation, and forgiveness, culminating in Laylat al-Qadr — the Night of Decree — a night greater than a thousand months.> “Fasting is for Me, and I will reward it.”— Hadith Qudsi, Sahih al-Bukhari

5. Hajj — Pilgrimage to MakkahThe fifth pillar is the Hajj, an obligatory pilgrimage to the Sacred House in Makkah for those physically and financially able.It is performed once in a lifetime and represents the unity of humanity before their Creator.> “And proclaim to the people the Hajj; they will come to you on foot and on every lean camel; they will come from every distant pass.”— Surah Al-Hajj (22:27)

During Hajj, millions of Muslims — from every nation and background — stand side by side in identical white garments, symbolizing equality, humility, and submission.They retrace the footsteps of Prophet Abraham (Ibrāhīm), his wife Hājar, and their son Ishmael (Ismā‘īl), reaffirming the timeless message of faith and sacrifice.> “And complete the Hajj and ‘Umrah for Allah.”— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:196)

Hajj is a powerful reminder that life itself is a journey toward Allah, and that all humans will one day stand before Him with nothing but their deeds.

The Spiritual Wisdom Behind the Five Pillars:

The Five Pillars are not arbitrary rituals; they are divine disciplines that nurture the body, mind, and soul.Shahadah purifies belief.Salah purifies the heart.Zakah purifies wealth.Sawm purifies the desires.Hajj purifies the entire life.Together, they create a balanced Muslim — devoted to Allah, conscious of others, and spiritually awakened.They transform faith into action, turning belief into a living, breathing way of life.> “Whoever submits his face to Allah while being a doer of good — he has grasped the firmest handhold.”— Surah Luqman (31:22)

Conclusion:

The Five Pillars of Islam are more than obligations — they are the path to purification, peace, and Paradise.They shape the Muslim’s relationship with Allah and with humanity, forming the moral and spiritual foundation of Islamic civilization.By living through these pillars, a believer turns every moment — from prayer to patience, from charity to service — into an act of worship.They remind us that faith is not just believed, but lived.> “This day I have perfected for you your religion, completed My favor upon you, and chosen for you Islam as your religion.”— Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:3)
October 17, 2025
The Six Articles of Faith

Introduction:

Faith (Imān) in Islam is more than mere belief — it is conviction rooted in the heart, spoken on the tongue, and demonstrated through action.It forms the foundation of a Muslim’s worldview and relationship with the Creator.Just as the Five Pillars establish the framework for a Muslim’s practice, the Six Articles of Faith define the framework for a Muslim’s belief.

Together, they form the complete structure of Islam — belief and action, faith and obedience. “The Messenger has believed in what was revealed to him from his Lord, and [so have] the believers.All of them have believed in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the Last Day, and in the divine decree — good and bad.”— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:285)

The Six Articles of Faith:

According to the hadith of Angel Jibrīl (Gabriel), when he came in human form and asked the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ about faith, the Prophet replied:> “It is to believe in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, the Last Day, and to believe in divine decree — both its good and its bad.”— Sahih MuslimLet us explore each pillar of faith in detail.

1. Belief in Allah (Tawheed): The first and greatest foundation of faith is belief in Allah, the One True God.He is the Creator, Sustainer, and Lord of all that exists.> “Allah — there is no deity except Him, the Ever-Living, the Sustainer of existence.”— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:255)This belief includes:

Tawheed ar-Rububiyyah: Believing Allah alone is the Creator and Controller of the universe.

Tawheed al-Uluhiyyah: Worshipping Allah alone, without partners or intermediaries.

Tawheed al-Asma wa-Sifat: Affirming Allah’s Names and Attributes as revealed, without distortion or denial.To truly know Allah is to love and obey Him — to live every moment conscious of His presence and mercy.> “There is nothing like unto Him, and He is the Hearing, the Seeing.”— Surah Ash-Shura (42:11)

2. Belief in the Angels: Angels (Mala’ikah) are noble beings created from light.They do not eat, sleep, or disobey Allah — they exist solely to fulfill His commands.> “They exalt Him night and day and do not slacken.”— Surah Al-Anbiya (21:20)Each angel has specific duties, such as:Jibrīl (Gabriel): Brings revelation to the prophets.Mīkā’īl (Michael): Oversees rain and sustenance.Isrāfīl: Will blow the Trumpet to signal the Day of Resurrection.Mālik: Guardian of Hellfire.The Recording Angels: Write every deed — good or bad.Belief in angels reminds us that the unseen world is real and that every action is witnessed and recorded.> “And indeed, [appointed] over you are keepers — noble and recording; they know whatever you do.”— Surah Al-Infitar (82:10–12)

3. Belief in the Revealed Books: Throughout history, Allah has revealed divine scriptures as guidance for mankind.Muslims believe in all of them in their original form:

Scripture: Prophet: Description:

Suhuf (Scrolls) – Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) – Early scriptures of wisdom and guidance.

Tawrah (Torah) – Prophet Musa (Moses) – Law and commandments revealed to guide the Children of Israel.

Zabur (Psalms) – David – Book of praises and hymns.

Injil (Gospel) – Jesus Revelation confirming the Torah and bringing light and mercy.

Qur’an – Muhammad ﷺ – Final, complete, and preserved revelation for all humanity. “He has sent down upon you, [O Muhammad], the Book in truth, confirming what was before it. And He revealed the Torah and the Gospel.”— Surah Aal ‘Imran (3:3) Historical facts and research indicate that previous scriptures were altered or lost, while the Qur’an remains perfectly preserved. It serves as the final criterion for distinguishing between truth and falsehood. As stated in Surah Al-Hijr (15:9), “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur’an, and indeed, We will be its guardian.”

4. Belief in the Messengers:

Allah sent messengers to every nation, calling them to worship Him alone.They were the best of humanity — chosen, sincere, and trustworthy.> “And We certainly sent into every nation a messenger, [saying], ‘Worship Allah and avoid false gods.’”— Surah An-Nahl (16:36)Some of the known messengers include:Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and finally Muhammad ﷺ — the Seal of the Prophets.

Muslims love and respect all prophets equally, recognizing that they all carried the same divine message: Tawheed (Oneness of God). “Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but he is the Messenger of Allah and the Seal of the Prophets.”— Surah Al-Ahzab (33:40)Belief in all prophets unites humanity under one timeless message — that salvation lies in sincere submission to the One God.

5. Belief in the Last Day:

The belief in the Hereafter gives purpose and accountability to human life.Every soul will taste death, and every deed — small or great — will be judged. “So whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it, and whoever does an atom’s weight of evil will see it.”— Surah Az-Zalzalah (99:7–8)The Day of Resurrection will expose every truth.The righteous will be rewarded with Paradise — eternal peace and joy — while the wicked will face punishment for their rebellion.> “And those who believed and did righteous deeds will be admitted to gardens beneath which rivers flow, abiding therein forever.”— Surah Al-Hajj (22:23)Belief in the Last Day makes a believer live consciously — striving for justice, honesty, and mercy, knowing that ultimate judgment belongs to Allah alone.

6. Belief in Divine Decree (Qadar):

The final pillar of faith is belief in Divine Decree, that everything — good or bad — occurs by the knowledge, will, and wisdom of Allah. “Indeed, all things We created with predestination.”— Surah Al-Qamar (54:49)This belief has four components:

1. Knowledge: Allah knows everything before it happens.

2. Writing: All things are recorded in the Preserved Tablet (Al-Lawh al-Mahfuz).

3. Will: Nothing occurs except by Allah’s permission.

4. Creation: Allah is the Creator of all that exists.

Belief in Qadar teaches balance — to strive with effort while trusting Allah’s plan.It removes despair in hardship and arrogance in success. “No calamity befalls except by the permission of Allah, and whoever believes in Allah — He will guide his heart.”— Surah At-Taghabun (64:11)

The Unity of Faith and Action: These six beliefs are not theoretical ideas; they are living truths that shape a Muslim’s heart, morals, and behavior.Faith (Imān) must be reflected in righteous deeds (‘Amal Sālih).True belief inspires humility, justice, and mercy.It transforms the individual — and through him, the world. “Those who believe and do righteous deeds — for them are the Gardens of Bliss.”— Surah Luqman (31:8)

Conclusion: The Six Articles of Faith form the spiritual foundation of Islam.They answer life’s deepest questions — Who created us? Why are we here? What happens after we die?They anchor the believer’s heart in truth, guiding him through joy and hardship with trust in Allah’s wisdom.Faith in Islam is not blind — it is enlightened belief built upon revelation, reason, and purpose. “Whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day and does righteousness — We will remove from him his misdeeds and admit him to gardens beneath which rivers flow.”— Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:65)The one who believes in these six pillars and lives accordingly attains peace in this life and eternal success in the next.

References:

Qur’anic References: Surah Al-Baqarah (2:255, 2:285)Surah Aal ‘Imran (3:3)Surah An-Nahl (16:36)Surah Al-Hijr (15:9)Surah Ash-Shura (42:11)Surah Az-Zalzalah (99:7–8)Surah Al-Qamar (54:49)Surah Al-Taghabun (64:11)Surah Al-Infitar (82:10–12)Surah Al-Hajj (22:23)Surah Luqman (31:8)Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:65)

Hadith References: Sahih Muslim, Book of Faith (Kitab al-Iman), Hadith of Jibrīl

Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Tawheed. Musnad Ahmad, on belief in Qadar and Divine Decree.

Classical Islamic Works: Al-‘Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah by Imam Abu Ja‘far al-Tahawi

Sharh al-‘Aqidah al-Wasitiyyah by Ibn Taymiyyah

Kitab al-Tawheed by Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab

Al-Ibanah ‘an Usul ad-Diyanah by Imam al-Ash‘ari

The Fundamentals of Tawheed — Dr. Bilal Philips

Islamic Creed Series — Sheikh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymeen

A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam — I.A. Ibrahim

October 17, 2025
The Qur’an: Revelation and Preservation

Introduction:

The Qur’an is the final revelation from Allah (God) to mankind — a book of guidance, mercy, and truth. Revealed to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ over 23 years, it completes the chain of divine scriptures that began with the Torah, Psalms, and Gospel.Unlike earlier revelations, the Qur’an was divinely protected from corruption, preserved in both hearts and manuscripts — fulfilling Allah’s promise: “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Reminder, and indeed, We will guard it.”— Surah Al-Hijr (15:9)

The Qur’an: God’s Final Revelation:

Allah sent revelation to every nation through prophets — from Adam to Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus (peace be upon them all). Each conveyed one consistent message: to worship Allah alone.The Qur’an confirms this timeless message and stands as the final, universal revelation for all humanity. “Say, ‘O mankind, indeed I am the Messenger of Allah to you all — to Him belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth. There is no deity except Him; He gives life and causes death.’”— Surah Al-A‘raf (7:158)It also affirms the truth found in earlier scriptures while exposing distortions made by human hands:> “And We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], the Book in truth, confirming what was before it of the Scripture and as a criterion over it.”— Surah Al-Mā’idah (5:48)

The Process of Revelation:

The Qur’an was revealed gradually over 23 years — addressing the evolving circumstances of the early Muslim community.The Archangel Jibreel (Gabriel) conveyed Allah’s words directly to the Prophet ﷺ:> “The Trustworthy Spirit has brought it down upon your heart, [O Muhammad] — that you may be of the warners.”— Surah Ash-Shu‘ara (26:193–194)This gradual revelation strengthened the believers and allowed them to internalize divine guidance step by step: “And those who disbelieve say, ‘Why was the Qur’an not revealed to him all at once?’ Thus [it is] that We may strengthen thereby your heart, and We have spaced it distinctly.”— Surah Al-Furqan (25:32)

Preservation Through Memorization:

From the beginning, memorization was central to Qur’anic preservation. The Prophet ﷺ himself memorized the revelation, and his companions (Sahabah) followed his example. He said: “The best among you are those who learn the Qur’an and teach it.”— Sahih al-Bukhari, 5027 Dozens of companions — including Ubayy ibn Ka‘b, Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud, Zayd ibn Thabit, and others — memorized the Qur’an completely. This oral transmission (known as tawātur) ensured an unbroken chain of reciters, preserving every word precisely as revealed.The Prophet ﷺ also reviewed the Qur’an with Jibreel annually during Ramadan. In the year of his death, this review occurred twice, confirming its final form.— Sahih al-Bukhari, 4998; Sahih Muslim, 2450.Today, millions of Muslims — including children as young as seven — have memorized the entire Qur’an in Arabic, maintaining a living, global preservation that no other scripture possesses.

Preservation in Written Form:

During the Prophet’s lifetime, revelation was recorded by appointed scribes, such as Zayd ibn Thabit, Ali ibn Abi Talib, and Mu‘awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan. They wrote on parchment, bones, palm leaves, and leather under the direct supervision of the Prophet ﷺ.After his passing, following the Battle of Yamamah (where many memorizers were martyred), Caliph Abu Bakr (RA) ordered a full compilation to safeguard the Qur’an.This task was assigned to Zayd ibn Thabit — the Prophet’s chief scribe.— Sahih al-Bukhari, 4986. The compiled manuscript was later preserved with Hafsah bint Umar (RA), the Prophet’s wife.During the caliphate of Uthman ibn Affan (RA), standardized copies were made from this master compilation and distributed to major Islamic regions — Makkah, Kufah, Basrah, and Damascus — ensuring unity of recitation.— Sahih al-Bukhari, 4987; Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif.

Linguistic and Textual Consistency:

Over fourteen centuries have passed, yet the Qur’an remains identical across the world. Early manuscripts — such as the Topkapi Manuscript (Istanbul) and the Sana’a Manuscript (Yemen) — match today’s Qur’anic text precisely. Even non-Muslim scholars have recognized this phenomenon.Sir William Muir wrote: “There is probably in the world no other book which has remained twelve centuries with so pure a text.”— (The Life of Mahomet, 1878, Vol. 1, p. 22) The Qur’an itself challenges skeptics to produce anything comparable: “And if you are in doubt about what We have sent down upon Our servant, then produce a surah like it — and call upon your witnesses other than Allah, if you should be truthful.”— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:23)This linguistic miracle (i‘jaz al-Qur’an) remains unmatched — its eloquence, rhythm, and depth defy imitation.

A Living Miracle:

The Qur’an’s preservation is not confined to history; it continues every day.In every generation, millions memorize, recite, and teach it in its original language. No other book has ever been preserved through such a living community of believers.> “No falsehood can approach it from before it or from behind it; [it is] a revelation from the All-Wise, Worthy of Praise.”— Surah Fussilat (41:42)The Qur’an’s impact is both spiritual and intellectual — it guides the heart, shapes society, and continues to inspire scholars, poets, and thinkers across the globe.

Conclusion:

The Qur’an is the Word of God, revealed to the final Messenger ﷺ, preserved perfectly by divine will.It is the ultimate source of truth, morality, and spiritual healing. “This is the Book about which there is no doubt — a guidance for those conscious of Allah.”— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:2)To read the Qur’an is to hear the Creator speak — His message, unchanged and eternal.It calls every human being to faith, reflection, and submission to the One who created all things.

References:

1. The Qur’an: 2:2, 2:23, 5:48, 7:158, 15:9, 25:32, 26:193–194, 41:42

2. Sahih al-Bukhari: Hadith 4986, 4987, 4998, 5027

3. Sahih Muslim: Hadith 2450

4. Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif

5. Al-Suyuti, Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur’an

6. Sir William Muir, The Life of Mahomet, Vol. 1 (1878)

October 15, 2025
The Purpose of Life

Introduction:

Every human being at some point asks: “Why am I here?” This question transcends culture, race, and time. Philosophers speculate, scientists observe, but only revelation gives the ultimate answer. In Islam, the purpose of life is not an abstract puzzle. It is a divine truth — clear, purposeful, and complete. Allah, the Creator of all that exists, did not create mankind aimlessly or leave them without guidance. “Did you think that We created you in play (without purpose), and that you would not be brought back to Us?”— Surah Al-Mu’minun (23:115)

The Purpose Defined:

The Qur’an summarizes the human mission in one profound verse:

“And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me.”— Surah Adh-Dhariyat (51:56)The Arabic word for worship — ‘ʿibādah’ — goes far beyond ritual prayer. It means complete servitude and loving submission to Allah.To live for Him, by His guidance, in every aspect of life — this is the essence of Islam. Worship is not confined to the mosque; it is reflected in every sincere act: honesty in trade, kindness to parents, truthfulness in speech, and humility in heart.

Worship: A Relationship of Love and Obedience:

In Islam, worship is not slavery; it is the freedom of the soul — freedom from false gods, ego, and worldly illusion.It is a relationship of love, reverence, and gratitude toward the One who created and sustains us.> “O mankind, worship your Lord, who created you and those before you, that you may become righteous.”— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:21)The more a person knows Allah through His Names and Attributes, the more love fills the heart, and the more sincerely one worships.This inner connection is the source of true peace — the peace every soul seeks.

Life as a Test:

The world is not a playground; it is a testing ground.Every trial, blessing, and opportunity is part of this divine test — to reveal who truly believes and who turns away.> “He who created death and life to test you as to which of you is best in deed.”— Surah Al-Mulk (67:2)The believer’s response to both ease and hardship — patience, gratitude, and trust — determines success in the Hereafter.Nothing in life is random; every moment has meaning when viewed through the lens of faith.—The Temporary and the EternalIslam teaches that this world is temporary — a bridge to the eternal life to come.Wealth, fame, and pleasure vanish; what remains is the record of our deeds.> “And the worldly life is nothing but amusement and diversion; but the home of the Hereafter is best for those who fear Allah.”— Surah Al-Anʿam (6:32)Understanding this transforms how a Muslim lives:Every act becomes intentional, purposeful, and accountable.This worldview gives life ultimate meaning — to please Allah and attain eternal peace in Paradise.

The Human Soul’s Search for Meaning:

Even those who deny revelation feel an emptiness within — a longing that no wealth or pleasure can fill.That longing is the soul’s call to its Creator.When a person finds Islam, he finds the answer to his deepest question. He learns that his soul was created to know, love, and obey Allah.Without that connection, the heart remains restless.> “Verily, in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find rest.”— Surah Ar-Ra’d (13:28)

Following the Guidance:

To fulfill life’s purpose, Allah did not leave mankind without direction.He sent a succession of prophets — from Adam to Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and finally Muhammad ﷺ — each calling to one truth:> “Worship Allah; you have no deity other than Him.”— Surah Al-A‘raf (7:59)The final revelation, the Qur’an, is the preserved manual of life.It teaches what benefits the soul and warns against what harms it.Through it, Allah calls every human being to a life of meaning, balance, and moral excellence.

Success in This Life and the Next:

True success in Islam is not measured by wealth or status but by faith and righteousness.A person who fulfills his purpose — worshipping Allah sincerely and obeying His Messenger ﷺ — attains both inner peace now and eternal joy later.> “Whoever does righteousness, whether male or female, while he is a believer — We will surely cause him to live a good life, and We will surely give them their reward in the Hereafter according to the best of what they used to do.”— Surah An-Nahl (16:97)

Conclusion:

The purpose of life in Islam is clear and profound:To know Allah, to worship Him alone, and to prepare for the meeting with Him.Everything else — wealth, status, comfort — is secondary and temporary.Only faith, righteous deeds, and remembrance of Allah give life true value. “This worldly life is only enjoyment of delusion.”— Surah Aal ‘Imran (3:185)

Islam does not call humanity away from the world but to live in it with purpose, integrity, and devotion — transforming every moment into worship.The believer’s heart beats with one mission:To please the Creator, serve His creation, and return to Him in peace. “O tranquil soul, return to your Lord, well-pleased and pleasing [to Him]. Enter among My servants, and enter My Paradise.”— Surah Al-Fajr (89:27-30)

October 15, 2025
Why Islam Rejects Original Sin
Introduction:

Christianity teaches that humanity inherited a sinful nature from Adam and Eve’s disobedience in the Garden of Eden. According to this doctrine — known as “Original Sin” — all humans are born guilty and estranged from God, and can only be saved through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Islam, however, presents a very different and more hopeful view of human nature. The Qur’an teaches that every person is born pure, innocent, and free of inherited sin. Each individual is responsible only for their own actions, and forgiveness from Allah is always available through sincere repentance.

What Christianity Teaches About Original Sin: The doctrine of Original Sin is based mainly on the writings of Paul, especially: “Just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned.”— Romans 5:12. From this, many Christian traditions conclude:
1. Adam’s sin corrupted human nature.
2. All humans inherit this sinful state at birth.
3. Only through the atoning death of Jesus can this inherited guilt be removed.
This belief underpins the ideas of atonement, redemption, and baptism, which are central to Christian salvation theology.

The Original Teaching of Salvation — Before Paul:

Before Paul’s reinterpretation, salvation in the message of Jesus and all earlier prophets centered on faith in God, repentance, and righteous deeds, not on the death of a mediator.
1. The Prophets’ Consistent Message: Throughout the Old Testament, salvation was tied to obedience and repentance: Ezekiel 18:21–22 — “If the wicked will turn from all his sins… and do that which is lawful and right, he shall surely live, he shall not die.” Micah 6:8 — “He has shown you, O man, what is good… to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God. ”Isaiah 55:7 — “Let the wicked forsake his way… and He will have mercy upon him.”
2. Jesus’ Own Words: Jesus reaffirmed this same principle of repentance and keeping the commandments: Matthew 19:17 — “If you want to enter into life, keep the commandments.” Matthew 7:21 — “Not everyone who says to Me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ will enter the kingdom of heaven, but only he who does the will of My Father.” Luke 6:46 — “Why do you call me ‘Lord, Lord,’ and not do what I say?” Nowhere did Jesus say salvation depended on his death. Instead, he called people to righteousness, mercy, and faithfulness to God’s will.
The Islamic Perspective:

In line with the teachings of earlier prophets, including Jesus, Islam completely rejects the concept of original sin. Instead, it teaches that every human being is born with an innate, pure nature (fitrah). The sin of Adam was solely his own and not inherited by others. Allah forgave Adam and Eve after they repented, and no one is responsible for the sins of another. Salvation is attained through faith, righteous deeds, and repentance, rather than through blood sacrifice.

The Story of Adam and Eve in the Qur’an:

The Qur’an tells the story of Adam and Eve with a key difference: “Then Adam received words from his Lord, and He accepted his repentance. Indeed, it is He who is the Accepting of repentance, the Merciful.”— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:37) Unlike the Christian version, there is no concept of inherited guilt. Adam and Eve both repented, and Allah forgave them completely. Their sin did not taint humanity; rather, it served as a lesson in repentance and mercy. “Every son of Adam sins, and the best of sinners are those who repent.”— Hadith (Tirmidhi, 2499) This teaching restores hope and accountability to every person.

Individual Responsibility in Islam:

Islamic scripture emphasizes that each soul bears only its own burden: “No soul shall bear the burden of another.”— Surah Al-Isra (17:15) “Every person is accountable for what he has earned.”— Surah Al-Muddaththir (74:38)> “Whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it, and whoever does an atom’s weight of evil will see it.”— Surah Az-Zalzalah (99:7–8) There is no concept of inherited guilt or vicarious atonement in Islam.Each person has a direct, personal relationship with Allah — no mediator, priest, or savior is required.

Forgiveness Without Bloodshed:

In Christianity, atonement is tied to sacrifice — the belief that sin can only be forgiven through blood, as expressed in: “Without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness.”— Hebrews 9:22. Islam disagrees. Forgiveness in Islam comes through repentance (tawbah), not through blood or intermediaries. “O My servants who have transgressed against themselves, do not despair of the mercy of Allah.Indeed, Allah forgives all sins. Indeed, it is He who is the Forgiving, the Merciful.”— Surah Az-Zumar (39:53) This verse is one of the most hope-filled messages in the Qur’an — declaring that no sin is beyond Allah’s mercy, and forgiveness is open to all who sincerely return to Him.

The Islamic View of Human Nature:

Islam views human beings as born good and capable of righteousness: “We have certainly created man in the best of forms.”— Surah At-Tin (95:4)Each person is born with a fitrah — a natural inclination to recognize and worship the Creator.It is only through environment, temptation, and choice that a person turns away from that natural purity.Unlike Original Sin, which views humanity as corrupt from birth, Islam teaches original goodness — with the potential for both good and evil depending on one’s choices.

Reason and Justice:

The concept of inherited sin contradicts both divine justice and human reason: How can a just God punish all people for one man’s mistake? Why would a newborn, innocent child be born sinful? Why would God need to sacrifice Himself to forgive what He already has the power to forgive? Islam answers these questions simply and consistently: Allah is perfectly Just and Merciful. He holds no one accountable for what they did not do.

Salvation in Islam:

Salvation in Islam is not about paying for another’s sins — it’s about faith, repentance, and striving for righteousness. “Those who believe and do righteous deeds — for them will be Gardens beneath which rivers flow; that is the great success.”— Surah Al-Buruj (85:11) Forgiveness is always available through:
1. Faith in Allah and His messengers.
2. Sincere repentance for sins.
3. Good deeds done for His sake.
4. Avoiding major sins and seeking His mercy regularly. No mediator is needed — only sincerity and turning back to the Creator.
Jesus in the Final Scripture:

In Islam, Jesus (peace be upon him) is regarded as a noble prophet, rather than a divine savior. He was sent to guide the Children of Israel back to monotheism, and not to die for their sins. The Quran states, “They did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but it was made to appear so to them” (Surah An-Nisa, 4:157). Additionally, it is said, “And no bearer of burdens will bear the burden of another” (Surah Fatir, 35:18). Thus, Islam honors Jesus while maintaining the concept of God’s oneness and perfect justice. Consequently, any Christian who embraces Islam does not lose Jesus; rather, they come to know him even better.

Conclusion:

Islam’s rejection of Original Sin is not a denial of human imperfection — it is an affirmation of God’s mercy, justice, and wisdom.Adam’s sin was personal, and Allah forgave him. We are all born pure, not guilty. Forgiveness is earned through sincere repentance, not inherited guilt or blood sacrifice.Salvation is open to all who believe and strive for good. Islam restores a balanced view of humanity:we are neither fallen beyond hope nor divine beyond accountability — we are servants of Allah, created to know Him, worship Him, and return to Him. “Allah does not wrong anyone by even the weight of an atom.”— Surah An-Nisa (4:40)

References

1. Qur’an 2:37, 17:15, 39:53, 4:40, 35:18, 95:4, 85:11

2. Hadith — Jami‘ at-Tirmidhi (2499)

3. Bible — Romans 5:12, Hebrews 9:22

4. “The Concept of Sin and Salvation in Islam” — Dr. Bilal Philips

5. “A Comparative Study of Original Sin” — Dr. Zakir Naik-
October 15, 2025
Is the Qur’an Preserved?
Introduction:

One of the most important facts of Islam is that the Qur’an is the unchanged word of Allah, perfectly preserved since it was revealed over 1,400 years ago.Many non-Muslims, and even some Muslims, wonder: Can we really be sure that the Qur’an we have today is the same as what was revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ?This article will explore the Islamic evidence, historical facts, and scholarly consensus on the preservation of the Qur’an.

The Qur’an’s Own Claim:

The Qur’an explicitly declares that Allah Himself guarantees its preservation: “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Reminder (the Qur’an), and indeed, We will surely guard it.”— Surah Al-Ḥijr (15:9)This verse is both a divine promise and a fulfilled prophecy.For over fourteen centuries, the Qur’an has remained intact — word for word, letter for letter — despite the rise and fall of empires, languages, and cultures.

How the Qur’an Was Preserved:

1. Through Memorization (Hifz)From the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, thousands of his companions memorized the Qur’an completely.They were known as ḥuffāẓ (guardians of the Qur’an). The Prophet ﷺ said:“The best among you are those who learn the Qur’an and teach it.”(Sahih al-Bukhari, 5027)To this day, millions of Muslims around the world — from Nigeria to Indonesia — memorize the Qur’an entirely, often from a young age.This oral preservation is unique to the Qur’an; no other scripture in history has been memorized so widely and precisely.

2. Through Written PreservationDuring the Prophet’s lifetime:The Qur’an was written down on parchments, bones, and leaves by appointed scribes.He personally reviewed the recitations of the Qur’an each Ramadan with the angel Jibrīl (Gabriel).After his death, under the Caliph Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him), the written materials and memorized recitations were compiled into a single copy, supervised by the companions who had memorized the entire Qur’an.Later, during Caliph Uthman’s era, standard copies were produced and distributed to major Muslim regions to preserve one unified reading, eliminating any regional differences in dialect or pronunciation.These copies, known as the “Mushaf of Uthman,” became the foundation of all Qur’anic manuscripts today.

3. Through Continuous Recitation (Tawātur)The Qur’an has been transmitted generation after generation through a process called tawātur, meaning:> “A transmission by so many people in every generation that it is impossible for them to have conspired upon a lie.”This chain of reciters connects every modern Qur’an reader directly back to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

What Scholars and Historians SayImam Al-Nawawi (d. 676 AH): “The Qur’an is preserved by Allah from any alteration, addition, or omission.”(Al-Tibyan fi Adab Hamalat al-Qur’an) Orientalist scholar Arthur Jeffery, though critical of Islam, admitted: “The Qur’an as we have it today is practically identical with what was in circulation in the Prophet’s lifetime. “Even non-Muslim historians recognize the Qur’an’s textual stability, especially compared to other ancient scriptures.

Manuscript Evidence:

Early Qur’anic manuscripts from the 7th century CE, such as: The Topkapi Mushaf (Turkey)The Samarkand Mushaf (Uzbekistan)The Birmingham Manuscript (UK)—all confirm the same text found in the Qur’an recited by Muslims today. When compared letter-by-letter, these manuscripts match the standard Uthmanic Qur’an, differing only in spelling conventions and minor diacritical marks — not in words or meanings.

Addressing Common Misconceptions:
1. There are different versions of Qur’an: There is only one Qur’an, but multiple authentic recitations (Qirā’āt) — each taught by the Prophet ﷺ and passed through sound chains of narration.These are not different versions but different accepted modes of pronunciation, much like different accents in reciting the same text.
2. Early Muslims disagreed about the Qur’an: Minor differences in dialect, and pronunciation existed, but the content was the same. Caliph Uthman’s compilation standardized the Qur’an without changing any revelation.
3. The Qur’an was written long after the Prophet: No — it was written and memorized during his lifetime.Every verse was confirmed by him before it was recited publicly.The companions cross-checked both written and memorized versions for accuracy.
Why This Preservation Matters:

1. It proves the truthfulness of Allah’s promise (Qur’an 15:9).

2. It ensures that Islam’s guidance remains unaltered and reliable for all generations.

3. It gives Muslims a direct link to the words of Allah, not human authors or translations.

Conclusion:

The Qur’an is not just another ancient book — it is the living word of Allah, perfectly preserved in memory, writing, and recitation. Its preservation is: Divinely promised, Historically proven, and Universally witnessed among Muslims across centuries. No other scripture can make — or prove — such a claim. “This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious of Allah.”— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:2)

References:

1. Qur’an 15:9, 2:2, 22:38

2. Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 5027

3. Al-Tibyan fi Adab Hamalat al-Qur’an — Imam al-Nawawi

4. The Preservation of the Qur’an, Dr. Mustafa al-Azami

5. The History of the Qur’anic Text, M.M. al-Azami

6. Birmingham Qur’an Manuscript Study, University of Birmingham
October 15, 2025